Chapter Two: Skills Required in the Informal and Formal Sectors

Critical Skills Areas for Employability in Small to Medium Scale Enterprises (SMSEs)  
The following are the technical and vocational skills that are demanded in the Small to Medium Scale Enterprises (SMSEs) in Uganda:

 
Metal Work

• Fabrication of machines like:
• maize mills,
• groundnut mills,
• animal feeds mixtures or feeding troughs,
• moulds for tiles,
• bricks,
• machineparts, etc.
  
  
• Cooking and household utensils like saucepans, kettle, boilers,charcoal stoves, charcoal iron box, etc.
• Boxes and containers like metallic box for students, tramps, etc.
•   Farm implements like rakes, hoes, grass -cutters/slashers, watering canes, animal feeders, sickles, ox-ploughs.
• Building and construction implements like wheelbarrows, buildingtrowels and steel floats.

Handcraft

• Gift articles, Decoration articles, Wall hangings
• Wood carvings/sculpture, Weaving mats, baskets, etc
• Reed chair/furniture making
• Hand Sewing

• Pottery
• Tile making
•  Paintings
• ·Crocheting

Cloth-making, including Fashion Design and Tailoring Fashion design Tailoring

• Dressmaking
• Handlooms for' apparel manufacturing
• Tie and dye
• Yearn weaving
• Garment Cutting
• Curtain making 

Woodwork

· Furniture making

· Roofing

· Finishing, interior fittings and decoration

· Wall hangings

· Wood carvings

· Formwork

· Boat and canoe making

· Pitsawer/timber sawing

Leather Works

· Shoe making and repair

· Handbags making

· Belts, money purse, and key holders making Cushion making

· Car seats and chair making

· Hides and skin drying and tanning Hides and skin traders

 

Welding and Metal Fabrication

· Fabrication of machines and tools, Steel doors, gates, windows and frames making Steel cabinets

· Burglar proofing

· Motor vehicle body parts building and repair

· General steel repair works Blacksmithing

· Fuel tankers building

Beautician, Personal Services & Entertainment

· Hair braiding, weaving and treatment

· Facial, hand and feet treatment

· Body massage and aromatherapy

· Hair cutting and shaving

· Sauna attendance

· Steam bath operator

· Nail cleaning and cutting

· Shoe shining and Dry cleaning Usher and concierge

· Singer and dancer

 

Agriculture and Food Processing

· Baking and pastries making

· Fruit and vegetable processing

· Yoghurt, Cheese making and milk processing

· Bee-keeping and honey processing

· Pop-corn making Crop management

· Animal and Livestock management

· Horticulture

· Mushroom growing

· Chicken rearing

· Organic Farming

 

Building and Construction

· Masonry

· Architectural draughtsmanship

· Plumbing

· Painting

· Plastering Roofing

· Interior decorators

· Brick making

· Landscape designers and decorators

· Stone masonry

· Tile fitter

· Glass fitter

 

Electrical fitting and installation

· Automotive

· Motor vehicle mechanics

· Motor vehicle wiring

· Body repair and fabrication

· Motorcycle repairs

· Forklift operators

· Driving

· Heavy building and construction machines operator

· Body sprays

 

Electrical and Electronics

· Electronic mechanics

· Radio, watch and TV repair

· Computer repair and service

· Lift operator, maintenance and repair

· Electrical installation works

· Electrical drawings and design

· Repair of electrical machines and devices like kettle, boilers, flat irons, cookers, fridges, microwaves.

· Electrical alarm and burglar proofing

· CCTV camera installation and maintenance

· Traffic light setting and maintenance

· Motor vehicle wiring

 

Chemicals

1. Beautician and saloon worker

2. Mixing of paints

3. Soap making

4. Food colouring and preservatives making

5. Laboratory assistant and photo processing

 

Agro-Processing

· Flour and Rice milling; groundnut paste milling Oil extraction

· Coffee beans processing

· Animal by-products processing and preserving

 

Information Technology (ICT)

· Typing, book binding, website design and hosting

· Call Centre Operator

· Graphic designing and Desktop publishing

· Photography and photo processing

Chapter Three: Marketable Career Fields in Uganda & the Region

Summary of Marketable Career Fields in Uganda and the Region

National Planning Authority (NPA) anticipated in the year 2005 the following career fields to be more marketable. It may be necessary for students to first consider them when selecting courses to pursue (See more details under the different career clusters and occupational categories, 1-16):

1. Health and Medical Sciences

2. Biotechnology

3. Agriculture, Forestry and Natural resources

4. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Applications

5. Fisheries and Aquaculture

6. Environment

7. Energy/solar, wind

8. Manufacturing and Process Engineering

Health and Medical Sciences

In Uganda, where the doctor/patient ratio is still low despite the high incidences of diseases, the health and medical science field is considered to be an important component of total human development and should be given priority by students and government.

Uganda still needs a lot of manpower in the areas of control of communicable diseases, early detection and prevention of noncommunicable diseases, telemedicine, production of drugs, development of natural Health or medicinal products, vaccine and antibiotics development for local needs.

Biotechnology

Uganda, being predominantly agriculture country, has great potential for developing biotechnology. Researchers are therefore required in the field of agricultural biotechnology, chemistry and biology. This skills has many areas to apply to, including agriculture itself, forestry, natural resources like the oil industry, marine sciences, fisheries and aquaculture; health/medical sciences, environment, energy and manufacturing. Specifically, biotechnology skills are applicable in:

• Improvement of varieties and sustainable production of food security in agriculture and fisheries;
• Forestry-maintenance and maximization of forestry resources;
• Medical/health sciences-prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases;
• Marine sciences-development of renewable energy sources, e.g., solar and manufacturing of bio-fuel;
• Manufacturing and processing engineering-development of new processes of manufacturing, using life forms as miniature factories 0 produce the desired products.

Uganda’s Plan for Modernization of Agriculture (PMA) aims at increasing Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources agriculture productivity through the use of modern production technology. The key elements of PMA are the following:

• The provision of advisory services
• The promotion of research and technology in agriculture production
• Ensuring access to, and availability of financial services
• The promotion of sustainable use of natural resources
• Promoting agriculture as an economic activity, rather than subsistence agriculture and
• The improvement of physical and enabling infrastructures for post production handling and accessibility of product markets by farmers.

Agriculture

There is great potentials for development in the agriculture sector and therefore providing different areas of specialisation by students. The critical ones identified by government are the following:

1. Crops, especially in areas such as hybridisation, production management systems, integrated pest management, post production and primary processing systems, storage and quality improvements, standardization of priority horticulture crops such as fruits, ornamental and medicinal plans, industrial plants, such as palm trees, rubber trees and vegetable;

2. Livestock, genetic and feed improvement for ruminants, product standards for poultry, production systems, animal health programmes, and vaccine/diagnostics development.

Forestry and Natural Resources

Uganda has an abundance of forests and natural resources, some of the woodland are in private hands, as government is encouraging development of forest lands to increase on carbon levels, thereby fighting global Warming and climatic change.

This investment calls for skills for production of quality timbers, making high quality furniture and tree farming as a business. It provides opportunities for experts in forest biotechnology, natural resource development, and management system, and plantation development and management. There are also opportunities for agro-forestry, and natural resource management, bio-diversity conservation, etc.

There are also opportunities for specialization in survey, inventory, design and product development, harvesting and seedling development, utilization and marketing and Policy Development on forestry and natural resources.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

Applications

ICT may basically be seen as critical in enhancing student's opportunity for getting jobs. The primary skills of word-processing, PowerPoint, spreadsheets, excel, surfing and e-mailing are considered globally as basic skills after numeracy, literacy and life skills.

Marketable areas here are ICT Engineering and its application in specific professions like:

1. Health-Tele-medicine, tele-radiology, virtual patient records, etc.

2. Education-Web-based computer training and education, including teleconferencing.

3. E-governance -Access to facilities and on-line information, front-line services and information sharing/networking and database management

4. Environment-Geographic information systems, global positioning systems, remote sensing and telemetry.

5. Agriculture-Export systems for specific crops, land information and marketing information systems.

6. Industry-E-commerce applications in sales, marketing, procurement, order management, and customer services and support.

7. Finance and Banking Money transfers, e-statement, e-banking, and clients' accounts management systems.

8. Embedded systems design and printing.

Marketable Career Fields in the International Labour

Market in the Medium and Long Term

Several surveys across the globe indicate that there are some career fields that will continue to thrive in the international labour market, despite the economic down-sizing and the predicted continuous increase of rate of unemployment.

These are jobs that can weather even the roughest economic storms and has the fastest growth rate and largest numerical jobs. They cover a wide range of fields and provide the much needed services to the international communities as well as local economies. They include:

Nurses, Nursing Aids, and Olderlies' Attendants

Registered nurses and mid-wives top the health science occupations category. There is indication that this career field will rise 23% and provide 587,000 additional employment opportunities in the US alone, on top of the 116,000 vacancies for registered nurses in hospitals and 100,000 current deficits at nursing homes, Including old person's homes.

Bio-chemists/ Biophysicits/ Energy and Computer Soft Ware Engineers

The Green Revolution will see a rise in the demand for energy engineers as more money is pumped into research on alternative sources of fuels and other solutions to global warming, waste water and air pollution management.

Environmental and Energy engineers will therefore find themselves very valuable in the current and the economies to come. This equally applies to computer soft-ware engineers, as computer literacy becomes a primary skill. The Energy engineer job growth is predicted to rise at 25%.

Accountants and Financial Managers

Accountancy job growth is predicted to rise at 18%. This is largely predicted to the growth in SME and multilateral companies and overseas investments volumes.

Lawyers and Paralegals

The increasing workload of lawyers is putting pressure on the profession to seek the services of paralegal officers. Currently, people seek legal advice/services as a remedy to difficulties, rather than as a preventive service. This has created a rush for legal services for people in distress.

As this is being dealt with, it is prudent that economies employ the services of legal advisers to prevent possible legal battles, at the onset of an undertaking. Projection show a 22% increase in paralegals worldwide in the medium term.

Physician Assistants/Medical Officers

The growth in this career field is projected at 27%. Physician assistants or medical officers as we know them here, handle many medical procedures, including diagnosis, examinations, and taking medical histories of patients. They fill in a great deal in situations where doctors are in short supply.

Skilled Trades and Public Utilities Jobs

Projected growth in employment opportunities is also forecasted for plumbers, electricians and carpenters, worldwide. People will continue to use water, electricity, roads, etc, hence a steady growth in employment in these fields too.

Post-secondary School Teachers, including Counsellors and School Psychologists

Education jobs are especially resilient in the face of an unsteady economy. Children will continue to go to ' school no matter what and adults will want to boost their existing credentials at colleges or universities.

Opportunities for teaching jobs will be more in the primary schools, vocational schools, trade schools, community colleges, universities and for school psychologists and counsellors. This, however, depends on the demands in specific teaching subjects. For instance in Uganda, the demands are for Science and Technical Education teachers.

Cosmetologists

Expected to rise rapidly is the demand for hair dressers, hair stylists and cosmetologists on the human service category. People are increasingly becoming more conscious about their appearances and looks. There are multi-billion cosmetic industries and the demands for body therapy, including plastic surgery (even if it is only boos firming!) are also on the increase.

Profile of Skills Mixes Required by Employers and New Investors in Uganda, the Region and Internationally

As most investors and employers are now faced with competition and increasing high cost of production or service provision as a result of credit crunch and related business challenges, they are constantly demanding for extra skills by potential employees in order to cut on costs of hiring more work force, compete favourably, produce goods and services of high quality and standards and also to maintain a good relation with their clients.

Professional knowledge alone does not suffice anymore. On top of this, employers require employability skills, and these may include;

1. general Life-Skills to overcome and withstand challenges related to work;

2. writing skills, including report writing and office communication skills;

3. reading skills including comprehending instructions and clients' concerns;

4. basic arithmetic;

5. problem-solving skills;

6. decision-making;

7. Dependability and trustworthiness; positive attitude towards work;

8. cooperation; and other effective skills and traits that can make their products or services or goods sell.

Self reliance Skills

· Self-awareness – Purposeful, focused, self-belief, realistic

· Pro-activity – -resourceful, drive, self-reliant

· Willingness to learn -inquisitive, motivated, enthusiastic

· Self-promotion --positive, persistent, ambitious

· Networking --initiator, relationship-builder, resourceful

· Planning --decision-maker, planner, able to prioritise

· People Skills:

· Team working -supportive, organised, coordinator, deliverer

· Interpersonal skill -listener, adviser, co-operative, assertive

· Oral communicator -communicator, presenter, influencer

· Leadership -motivator, energetic, visionary

· Customer orientation

· Foreign language

General skills

· Problem-solving

· Flexibility

· Business acumen

· IT/Computer literacy

· Commitment

Skills Students need for their future 

 

Specialist Skills:

-friendly, caring, diplomatic

-specific language skills, mainly English, Kiswahili, French, etc.

-practical, logical, results oriented

-versatile, willing, multi-skilled risk taker -entrepreneurial, competitive,

-office skills, keyboard skills, software packages,

-dedicated, trustworthy, conscientious

Specific occupational skills -specialist relevant knowledge, e.g., Language and IT

· Technical skills -e.g. journalism, engineering, accounting, sales, machines operation

Linkages to Career Pathways and Employment

Occupational category -1

Agriculture, Food and Natural resources
Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources careers cluster or occupational category are vocational and science-based occupational fields, which are in high demand in Uganda. For instance, Agriculture forms 80% of economic activities, and yet the professional knowledge is lacking in more than 80% of the population engaged in agriculture related activities; both formally and informally.

Careers in this cluster are therefore related to agriculture, production, management, and operations; the environment like soil conservation, protection of water sources and aquatics, management of habitats for birds and wildlife (ecology).

It also includes animal science, forestry, horticulture and wildlife management and research.

Examples of career pathways in this cluster include agriculture extension worker, soil scientist, veterinary officers/doctors, gardener, florist, farm supervisor, dairy technologist, wildlife manager, botanist, zoologist and agricultural engineer.

Government is implementing a deliberate policy on modernizing agriculture and strengthening environmental, natural resources and wildlife protection.

There are established strategies like Plan for Modernization of Agriculture (PMA) and National Agriculture Advisory Services (NMOs), which offer additional employment opportunities in the fields of Agriculture extension workers and advisors throughout the country.

There are also the Uganda Wildlife Authority, National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) , National Forestry Authority (NFA) and the trans-boundaries, intergovernmental initiatives like the Nile Basin Initiative and the Lake Victoria Basin Initiative. There is also deliberate policy on mechanizing agriculture, promoting agricultural produce processing (food processing) so as to add value to the products.

There are other programmes for environmental management and natural resources management like the minerals, fishing, natural forests and woodland.

There are also training and employment opportunities in the fields of survey, mapping and forestry, which are the critical areas where manpower is much needed.

Appropriate Subject Combinations at 'A' Level:

PCB/ Agric., PCB/Fine Art, PCB/M, BC/F&N BCM/ Agric., BAG, BCG

Subjects at 'O' Level
Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Agriculture, Home Economics, Mathematics, Geography, Fine Art, Technical Drawing

Courses and Career Development Prospects

· Bachelor of Agriculture

· Agriculture Engineering

· Catering and Hotel

· Conservation Biology

· Food Science and Technology

· Nutrition and Dietetics

· Meteorology work

· Survey

· Agro-Forestry

· Animal Husbandry/Animal Production Technology

· Pastry and Bakery

· Bio-mass Energy

· Wood Science

· Horticulture

· Fisheries and aquaculture

· Forestry

· Bsc. Ethnobotany

· Bachelor of Education (Agriculture)

· Diploma in Food Processing Technology

· Agriculture and Rural Innovation

· Ordinary Diploma in Water Engineering

The 16 Careers Clusters

The 16 Careers Clusters
1. Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources
2. Architecture and Construction
3. Arts, Audio-Visual Technology and Communication
4. Business Management and Administration
5. Education, Training and Apprenticeship
6. Finance, Budgeting and Taxation
7. Governance and Public Administration
8. Health Science
9. Hospitality and Tourism
10. Human and Social Services
11. Information Technology
12. Law, Public Safety, Corrections and Security
13. Manufacturing
14. Marketing, Sales and Services
15. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
16. Transportation, Distribution and Logistics
These 16 career clusters and occupational categories fall within six (6) distinct career pathways, namely:

1. Arts and Communication

2. Business and Management

3. Health Services

4. Human Services

5. Natural Resources and

6. Industrial and Engineering

A total of eighteen (18) subjects at O’Level are believed to give students broader knowledge to identify their strengths and interest for any of the above six broad pathways, leading to the possibility of occupationally being engaged in one of the sixteen categories.

At A 'Level, the classification of study areas as Arts or Vocational or Science makes students be more focused on sharpening their ability and competency in following any of the six pathways at tertiary or university levels. For instance, a student who offered HEL combination can follow the pathway 1, 2 or 4. This in turn links the student to various career and occupational categories, e.g., MEG, can lead to categories 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, and 16.

We hope as students or career guidance practitioners or teachers, you will find this resource useful.

Training Institutions in Uganda

Degree Level

•  Makerere University
•  Busitema University
•  Kyambogo University
•  Gulu University
•  Uganda Christian University-Mukono
•  Kampala International University (KIU)

Diploma Level

• Hotel and Tourism Training Institute (HTTI) -Jinja
• Uganda Colleges of Commerce (UCCs) e.g., Aduku, Kabale, Tororo, Soroti
• Meteorological Institute Entebbe
• Uganda Wild Life Training Centre
• Arapai Agricultural College
• Bukalasa Agricultural College
• Nyabyeya Forestry College
• Fisheries Training Institute, Entebbe
• Jimmy Ssekajja Institute of Catering.

Certificate Level

• Kaberamaido TI
• Kabira TI -Bushenyi
• Nalwire TI -Busia
• Amugo-Agro TI _ Lira
• Ssese Farm School

Occupations in the Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources

Occupations in the Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources

Agricultural Advisor: Assists or supplies farmers with information on soils, crops and livestock

Agricultural Economist: Studies economic activities that affect agriculture

Agricultural Extension Officer: Gets information and instructions to rural areas to teach rural farmers to be better farmers.

Agricultural Inspector: Makes sure all agricultural products are of high quality.

Agricultural Journalist: Gathers, writes, edits and reports on matters of agricultural interest in newspapers or farm magazine.

Agricultural Manager Concerned with optimal use of various resources such as capital, personnel, equipment, water and soil.

Agricultural Researcher Specializes in agricultural problems in a specific field, like maize or beans

Agricultural Technical Advisor Assists and advises farmers, agricultural business, rural industries and government regarding production, processing and distribution of farm products.

Agronomist Investigates field crops like maize and develops new growing methods.

ApicuIturist Operates bee hives to produce honey.

Crop Production Manager Oversees staff and workers in the daily tasks of producing crops on farms.

Farmer (Commercial) Produces food for the nation.

Farmer (Livestock) Owns land, on which they farm livestock such as cattle and sheep.

Farming Consultant Advises and assists farmers on various aspects of farming.

Grain Grader Determines the quality of grain before it can be marketable,

Grassland Scientist Responsible for the effective management of natural and established pasture.

Horticulturist Seeks to beautify cities, towns, or suburbs and provides better' recreation facilities.

Meat Inspector (Veterinarian) Inspects establishments engaged in slaughtering livestock and processing meat intended for national and foreign shipment.

Pest Control Operator Protects residential and commercial properties from rodents and common household insects such as flies, cockroaches and other vermin.

Soil Scientist Studies and analyses the chemical and physical properties and evolution of soil and rocks.

Agricultural Metal Worker Makes steel doors, metal patterns, fixtures, templates and railings for agricultural purposes.

Animal and Wild Life Scientist Concerned with study, learning and management of domestic and wild animals.

Animal Trainer Teaches animals to compete in shows, performs tricks and obey commands.

Animal Health Technician Assists veterinarians in the technical work of animal disease control.

Animal Production Manager Concentrates on the quality and production of animal products.

Animal Scientist Concerned with the study, rearing and management of domestic animals.

Bird Farm Manager Specializes in all birds from exotic birds species to indigenous birds.

Game Farm Manager Supervises and operates game farms for the selection, breeding, care and feeding, distribution and sale of game farm animals.

Game Range Manager Training, field guiding, hunting, conservation, administration and research.

Game Ranger Responsible for long time conservation of fauna and flora.

Guide Dog Trainer Trains dogs to guide people who are partly or wholly visually impaired (blind)

Entomologist Studies insects and distinguishes harmful from useful insects.

Farrier Trims hooves, installs pads, resets shoes and puts new shoes on horses.

Herpetologist Studies amphibians (e.g. frogs) and reptiles (e,g., lizards).

Horse Breeder Breeds and sells horses.

Jockey Rides racehorses in racing events.

Mammalogist Studies all species of mammals.

Microbiologist Isolates, grows and studies beneficial and harmful micro organisms such as viruses, bacteria and moulds.

Nematologist Studies nematodes (round worms).

Ornithologist Studies the origin, autonomy, behaviour and conservation of birds.

Pet shop Owner Sells and takes care of any companion animals (pets), from cats to dogs

Primatologist Studies primates (apes like gorillas and chimpanzees).

Stud and Stable Works in the horse breeding industry

Taxidermist Preserves animal parts and skins by making stuffed replicas of the animal.

Veterinarian Treats pet and farm animals.

Veterinary Anatomist Studies the structure and form of animals' bodies.

Veterinary Microbiologist Studies the biology, ecology, etiology, bacteriology, virology and immunology of micro-organisms taken from body fluids and tissue of diseased animals.

Veterinary Nurse Cares for animals recovering from surgery.

Veterinary Surgeon Tests diary herds for tuberculosis and brucellosis and inoculates animals against diseases such as rabies.

Veterinary Technologist Executes laboratory procedures to handle and inject animals and to record observations.

Wildlife Manager Advises people on how to deal with wild animals that are causing trouble.

Zoo Keeper Responsible for the well-being of zoo animals by monitoring and managing their health.

Zoo Educator Conducts classes and prepares written information for teachers who bring their students to the zoo.

Zoologist Studies the origins, growth and development of animals.

Animal Behaviour Consults desperate pet owners regarding control of behavioural disorders and

Consultant assists in preventing their pets from developing inappropriate behaviour such as aggression.

Animal Care Attendant Involved with all aspects of animal care

Animal Food Scientist Studies animal food and does research on animal feeding.

Baker Supervises employers who operate machinery that mixes, moulds and bakes products like bread.

Bartender Serves drinks at bars.

Brewer Makes beer from raw products like hops.

Baker Technologist Maintains and improves the quality of baked foods.

Butcher Prepares animals carcasses obtained from abattoirs by turning them into retail cuts of meat.

Butler Works in wealthy households and is in charge of coordinating the entire staff to ensure the smooth running of the household.

Cheese Maker Makes and shapes cheese.

Caterer Provides food, drinks as well as cutlery and crockery for functions. Also gives advice on how to plan the function.

Chef Cooks, supervises and coordinates the activities of other cooks who are engaged in preparing food.

Dietetic Technician Works as a nutritionist in health care facilities such as hospitals, neighbourhood health centers, health agencies and nursing homes.

Dietician Interprets the science of nutrition in food for both healthy and ill people.

Food and Beverages Manager Manages the productive, profitable operation of restaurants, bars and functions.

Food Inspector Inspects food such as meat, milk, fruit and vegetables to ensure that they are safe to eat.

Food Scientist and Technologist Applies the findings of research to the field of food, to make foods and the processing of food more beneficial.

Food Service Manager Plans menus, maintains safety standards and ensures excellent hygiene in, e.g., canteens.

Food Stylist Arranges and prepares food for displays at trade shows and foods used in advertisements, films and photographic shoots.

Hospitality Entrepreneur Responsible for the day to day running of guest houses, bed and breakfast establishment, catering services or home industries.

Miller Grins any solid cereals, like corn to powder or pulp.

Mixologist Works as a bartender and specializes in mixing cocktails in bars, restaurants, clubs and at private parties.

Restauranteur Operates or owns a restaurant.

Waiter/Waitress/Wine Steward Serves foods and drinks at restaurants.

Agricultural Engineer Designs agricultural machinery (farm tools and implements).

Agricultural Technician Plans how to use farmland to its best potential.

Hotel Manager Oversees the smooth running of the hotel.

House Keeper Keeps hotel rooms and laundry clean and tidy.

Receptionist Receives customers at the front desk and also sees to room bookings and accounts.

Potter Helps customers by carrying their luggage to their hotel room.

Conservation Ecologist Carries out programmes for the management and conservation of animals and plants population and their habitat.

Eco-tourism Guide Educates people about the local environment and how to behave in an ecological friendly way.

Eco-Tourism Manager May act as field guides, front office managers, eco lodge managers or may work in development and planning.

Ecologist Studies the interaction of people and the environment.

Environmental Educator Teaches the public and tourists about environment and monitors and preserves plants and animals in nature reservoirs and wild life sanctuaries.

Environmental Engineer Responsible for designing of public infrastructure system.

Environmental Health Officer Combats the pollution of the environment and in doing so prevents health hazards.

Environmental Technologist Applies advanced environmental science, strategies, environmental technologies and integrates management strategies to improve the environment. \Game/Nature

Ensures the wellbeing of animals by setting up and enforcing conservation laws and Conservationist giving farmers conservation advice.

Nature Conservationist Ensures the animals in zoos are properly fed and healthy. (Zoo)

Nature Conservation Applies agricultural and environmental science practices to understand how natural

Management Technician living systems function and how they can be managed.

Parks Administrator Educates people about the environment and conservation and runs nature reservoirs or parks according to certain laws and standards.

Viticulturist Grows and manages grapevines, especially for winemaking.

Hydrological Engineer Responsible for all water management, like how households get their water.

Hydrologist Studies earth's water and its distribution on and below the surface of the earth and the atmosphere.

Industrial Technician Measures the density of liquids and assists the hydrologist who studies the properties (Hydrometry) of the earth's water and its movement in relation to land.

Plant Protector Checks that plants are protected during weeding and hoeing.

Weed Scientist Uses herbicides to control weeds and collect different weed spices.

Wood Scientist Studies the physical, chemical and biological properties of wood.

Wine Maker Produces wine.

Ichthyologist Researches fish and the role they play in the environment

Limnologist Studies the physical, chemical, metrological and biological conditions in fresh water bodies such as lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and wet lands

Marine Biologist Studies the plants and animals that live in the ocean

Marine Architect Plans, designs and supervises the construction and repair of ship and pleasure crafts.

Water Care Technologist Analyses and treats water

Oceanographer Researches the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the ocean.

Oceanographic Technician Assists the oceanographer

Ship Surveyor Administers, supervises, or performs work related to surveying government or merchant vessels in order to determine their conditions according to certain specified requirements

Trout Farmer Spawns and raises trout for commercial purposes

Tug Master Commands the crew on tugboat

Aqua Culturist Specializes in breeding and raising aquatic life

Aquatic Scientist Studies the marine plants and animals and the effect of certain factors such as water movements and temperature on marine life

Boat Builder and Shipwright Builds, repairs, alters, renovates and maintains boats and ships

Soil Scientist Studies and analyses soils and rocks

Volcanologist Studies volcanoes and predict eruptions and possible after effects

Coastal Geologist Studies the composition and structure of coastal regions in order to understand the physical, chemical and biological evolution of a coastline

Cruise Director Works on a board luxury cruise ships

Fisherman Catches fish by working on small boats that stay relatively close to land or on bigger ones that go further into the sea, to specific fishing grounds or areas that are known to have fish.

Geo-hydrological Technician Studies water supplies and quality and characteristics

Glaciologist Studies snow and ice and their formation like glaciers

Astronomer Studies various aspects of the universe

Exobiologist Studies the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life in the universe.

Planetary Scientist Studies the formation and the composition of solid surfaces found in the solar system

Arboriculturist Plants and maintains trees and shrubs

Bonsai Culturist Grows dwarfed trees in containers

Botanist Researches various aspects of plants life

Bryologist Studies mosses and liverworts which are small, flowerless, green plants which reproduce by spores and do not have true roots

Wood Machinist Steps up and operates machines for cutting and shaping wood

Speleologist Studies caves

Weather Forecaster Studies the natural local, regional, or global climate in order to predict future weather patterns

Florist Makes flower arrangements to sell to the public and also prepares special floral arrangements for wedding and other functions.

Forester Raises seedlings, plants and trees to maintain forests.

Grassland Scientist Manages grass pastures.

Gardener/ Groundskeeper Ensures that gardens, lawns, shrubs and trees are healthy, well maintained and attractively designed.

Garden Designer Designs gardens for clients.

Horticulturist Works with plants and can work to beautify cities, towns or suburbs and provide recreational facilities likes parks.

Hydroponics Expert Teaches how to grow food with limited resources and space.

Herbarium Worker Works in botanical gardens and museum herbariums.

Mycologist A botanist who specializes in studying fungi like mushroom.

Nursery Manager Grows young plants, flowers, trees and shrubs for sale to the public or for use in the parks and gardens.

Landscape Architect Designs out doors spaces to make them functional, natural and attractive.

Land Constructor Designs, develops, maintains and remodels gardens and landscapes.

Siviculturist Dedicates all works and research into developing long term conservation projects.

Timber Technologist Researches the chemical, physical and biological properties of wood to find new and improved ways of growing, processing and using wood .

Turf Grass Manager Responsible for large lawn areas like golf courses.

Cartographer Prepares maps, charts and drawings from aerial photographs.

Climatologist Studies both the nature of climate and the natural or human induced factors that cause climates to change and can therefore help predict future climate.

Gemmologist Examines gemstones such as gold, mercury and diamond to evaluate their genuineness and quality.

Geochemist Studies the chemical composition of the earth, including rocks to show the location and concentration of chemical over large exploration and development of resources, including oil, coal and gas.

Geographer Focuses on relationship between people and environment.

Geologist studies the structure and history of the earth crust.

Geomorphologist Studies landforms and land surfaces, determining where they come from and how old they are.

Geophysicist Studies the physical aspects of the earth, including its atmosphere

Geotechnician Studies and researches geosphere of the earth, and conducts assessments with other experts, in order to determine subterranean condition to find minerals and under water reservoirs and also evaluate the suit construction.

Mineralogist Studies minerals in terms of their forms, structure and physical properties.

Meteorologist Collects information about the weather.

Coal Technologist uses information like surveys to determine where the best places for good quality coal are.

Cartographer Prepares maps, charts and drawings from aerial photographs.

Climatologist Studies both the nature of climate and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change and can therefore help predict future climate change.

Gemmologist Examines/gemstones such as gold, mercury and diamond to evaluate their genuineness, value and quality.

Geochemist Studies the chemical composition of the earth, including rocks and soil and may produce maps to show the location and concentration of chemical over large areas, and advise on the exploration and development of resources, including oil, coal and gas.

Geographer: Focuses on relationship between people and environment.

Geologists: Studies the structure and history of the earth crust.

Geomorphologist: Studies landforms and land surfaces, determining where they come from and how old they are.

Geophysist: Studies the physical aspects of the earth, including its atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Geotechnician Studies and researches geosphere of the earth, and conducts geomorphological analyses and assessments with other experts, in order to determine subterranean condition to find certain minerals and under water reservoirs and also evaluate the suitability of a site for large scale construction.

Mineralogist Studies minerals in terms of their forms, structure and physical properties.

Meteorologist Collects information about the weather.

Meteorological Technician Observes and records weather conditions for use in weather forecasting.

Metallurgical Engineer Adapts current materials for new use and develops new types of mental alloys.

Metallurgical Technician Bridges the gaps between professional metallurgists and artisans

Metallurgical Technologist Turns metal into products such as silverware, iron golf clubs, sockets wrenches, or key-chain rings.

Miner Works underground and on the surface of mines.

Mineral Resource Evolution Analyst Evaluates the availability of mineral resources.

Mineral Surveyor Land surveyor who maps the positions of features on the earth as a means to locating sites for mines.

Mining Engineer Plans, designs, constructs, operates and manages facilities used to get solid materials like gold or coal out of the earth.

Palaeontologist Studies ancient fossils.

Petrol Geological Technologist: Controls quality in refinery or lubricates manufacturing plants or in the field of petroleum production.

Petrologist Geologist who focuses on the structure, history and composition of rocks and rock formations.

Seismologist: Studies earthquakes to answer why/where/when and whether they will occur.